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Essay on The Dimensions of Cultural Context - 1339 Words

The Dimensions of Cultural Context â€Å"The cultural context in which human communication occurs is perhaps the most defining influence on human interaction. Culture provides the overall framework in which humans learn to organize their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in relation to their environment† (1). By going through the five dimensions of the cultural context of Brazil, a lot is revealed about the interesting culture, and gives a better understanding of how Brazilians live. The first dimension in the cultural context is whether the culture is individualistic or collectivistic. Most Latin countries are collectivistic, but Brazil has a slightly higher individualistic rank compared to them. â€Å"Despite regional and social class†¦show more content†¦The urban poor live in favelas or distant housing projects, take long bus trips to work, go to public schools or drop out, and shop at smaller supermarkets or local shops. The rural poor in the country’s interior are practically invisible t o the urban upper and middle classes† (2). The second dimension in the cultural context is High or Low Context Communication. When it comes to Brazilians communicating in high or low context, they lean more toward the low context. â€Å"Language is one of the strongest elements of Brazil’s national unity† (2). Their main language is Portuguese, and it is spoken by nearly all of their population. Their verbal code is their primary source of information because the written Brazilian Portuguese is significantly different from the spoken language and is used correctly by only a small educated minority of the Brazilian population. This culture relies extensively on the verbals for creating and interpreting meaning. This doesn’t mean they don’t use nonverbal communication at all. â€Å"The O.K. hand signal is a rude gesture in Brazil, to express appreciation, a Brazilian may appear to pinch his earlobe between thumb and forefinger, and flicking the finge rtips underneath the chin indicates that you do not know the answer to a question† (3). These are just a few of the different kinds of nonverbal communication used. The third dimension in the cultural context is Value Orientation. â€Å"In every culture, there areShow MoreRelatedThe Exactly Same Situation Experienced By Two People From1276 Words   |  6 PagesThe exactly same situation experienced by two people from different cultures can have a completely different meaning to each of them (Hall, 1967). Those cultural differences can stem from various sources such as country of origin, religious background, gender and social class (Hofstede, 1991) to name just a few. Those layers of culture mean that it can be very difficult to understand another human being if their layers are different, which can lead to problems and miscommunication at an interculturalRead MoreCultural Intelligence Of The Semrush American And Russian Managers And Its Impact On The Cross Cultural Communic ation1552 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrates the reasons and explanations for the research on cultural intelligence of the SEMrush American and Russian managers and its impact on the cross-cultural communication within the company. The following literature review consists of three sections. The first section will focus on the concept of cultural intelligence, 4 factors model and training of cultural intelligence. The second section will cover the research of managerial cultural intelligence in different environment, especially in theRead MoreThe Collective Programming Of The Mind1520 Words   |  7 Pagesof study. Within the same context, studies about culture adopt different constructs based on distinctive criteria, which are always subject to debate. Nevertheless, cross-cultural research brought a great deal of improvements into business and managerial studies. â€Å"Nationality and culture tend to coincide† (Hofstede, 1983), despite the fact that nations envelop a wide ra nge of subcultures, beliefs, religions and code of conducts, in order to illustrate a country’s cultural mapping, numerous studiesRead MoreWar And Peace, By Nancy Scheper Hughes And Philippe846 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom psychological harm and deprivation to injury and death. From an anthropological perspective, all dimensions of violence are shaped by cultural and social structures, ideas and ideologies. In their publication titled Violence in War and Peace, Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Philippe Bourgois suggest that expressions and repressions of violence are sometimes so deeply embedded in broader socio-cultural structures that they go unrecognized. According to Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, these misrecognizedRead MoreUnderstanding National Culture And How Relevant Is Important Essay841 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are the main approaches to understanding national culture and how relevant is such an understanding to an internationalising firm. â€Æ' Index 1.- Introduction 3 2.- Aproaches to National Culture 4 2.1.- Hall’s Context Culture Model 5 2.2.- Hofstede s Cultural Dimensions Theory 5 2.3.- Trompenaars Model of National Culture Differences 5 3.- Conclusion 6 4.- Bibliography 7 â€Æ' 1.- Introduction According to Hofstede definition, it is possible to develop the idea of national culture as a cultureRead MoreCross Cultural Perspectives Of Culture Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesCross-Cultural Perspectives-900 words Culture refers to the values, rules, norms and behaviour as well as their products that govern the lifestyles of an individual or group. Cultural rules and behaviour are inherited from past generations, may be learned from others and are transmitted to other generation. Additionally, they embody the symbols and systems through which communication, attitudes and knowledge about life takes place. The set a certain group of people apart from others because the manifestationRead MoreAn Informal Institution Based View1593 Words   |  7 Pages High-Low Context The success and failure can be explained using a core perspective named institution-based view, which was introduced as part of the concept of global business. Culture, an informal institution plays a major role in the success and failures of multinational enterprises around the world. The formal institution includes laws, regulations, and rules, also termed as political systems, legal systems, and economic systems. Informal institution includes cultures, ethics, and norms. BothRead MoreHofstedes Cultural Dimensions Of Individualism1308 Words   |  6 Pages Using Hofstede’s cultural dimensions of individualism/collectivism, context, chronemics, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity/femininity, and long-term/short-term orientation can help to compare and contrast America and Israel. America is located mainly in the Northern Hemisphere in the continent of North America. Israel is located in Asia, which is located in the Eastern and Northern Hemisphere. There are m any things you will find similar when talking about two countries, but alsoRead MoreHofstede s Four Cultural Dimensions And Fons Trompenaars1225 Words   |  5 Pagestwo approaches to look at culture, which are Geert Hofstede’s four cultural dimensions and Fons Trompenaars’ seven cultural dimensions. There are mainly demonstrated national cultural by critically evaluate these two approaches. The first content has defined similarities and differences between these dimensions approaches. The second shows strength and weakness of Hofstede’s dimensions approaches and Fons Trompenaars’ dimensions respectively. And last one will give a conclusion for this report. 2Read MoreCultural Frameworks Of Culture Differences1648 Words   |  7 Pagescultures may pose underlying effects to the operations of modern business in context of further progression of globalisation. To understand culture differences to a greater extent, the definition of culture needs to be clarified; Greet Hofstede (1994, p.1) defines it as ‘the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category from another’. Therefore, it implies that people from different cultural backgrounds could have distinct behaviours and reactions even in the same

Child psychology Free Essays

Child development is a fascinating thing to observe. It is very challenging in some; while others it comes along naturally. The way a child develops can be determined by a number of factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Child psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their environment and biological inheritance can be the common denominator to their development. Have you ever wondered what makes Uncle Sam, or Uncle Joe who they are? What determines whether your son, daughter, niece, nephew, or even neighbor who they will become when they grow up. Prior to taking this class I never took the time to really think why some people the way they re are. The Boston bombers did not Just wake up one day and say that they were going to plan an attack to hurt or even kill thousands of people, their childhood development determined what route they would take. As we see the people who are around us, we Judge their character off of their behavior. The behavior determines who we think they are. There are many different development theories available that states different concepts of human development, but the three main theories that are mainly known are from Sigmund Freud, Erik Erickson, and Jean Piaget. Although any believe that their theories are old and outdated many psychologist use their theories to base theirs on. In this paper I will explain their theories in detail, provide examples of their use in the mental health treatment of children, and compare and contrast them starting with Mr. Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis and proved to be the most influential writer about the unconscious mind in the twentieth century. (Freud, 2005) Freud was a doctor with a degree. He also set up a private practice to treat psychological disorders such as hysteria; from his patients came the evidence used or many of his theories about human psychology. (Freud, 2005). Freud believed that the behavior that one portrays is based off of their early development. His research shows that an adult’s childhood can explain the behavior of the person. There are three main forces that drive humans which are the ID, the ego, and the super-ego. The ID is the basic personal needs and desires of one’s self. It is completely selfish and has no care for sensibility or reality. It drives for what it wants, when it wants it, and how it wants it with no other considerations. The ID is the inner person without egards to anyone or anything; it is all about itself or oneself. The second part of the personality is the ego. The ego is the realization of reality. It is the egos Job to make one aware of its surroundings, and divide the selfishness from the id to the morality of the person. The conscience makes distinctions between right and wrong according to parental and societal standards. (Mossler, 2011) The third part is the super-ego, is morals and acquired beliefs of right and wrong. When decisions are made, the ego has the difficult task of balancing the demands of the id while maintaining rules that he superego dictates. (Mossler, 2011) The id should be satisfied but with care not to upset the super-ego. According to Freud the interaction of the three parts of the personality are developed within a series of psychosexual stages. Each of the stages is focused on a particular body part or function. (Mossler, 2011) The five psychosexual stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Each one of these stages are centered around a bodily function or part. Freud’s theory states that stage The pleasures of this stage revolve around the mouth. The second stage is the anal tage. This stage happens between the ages of one and three. A child’s focus is surrounded by the anus. This age group is learning disciplined. The milestone for toddlers is potty training. This is the transition from diapers to underwear. Freud relates the discipline to potty training to call this stage the anal stage. The third stage of development in children is the phallic stage. This stage occurs between the ages of three to six. When children become aware of their genitals and the difference between one another is another development. Being a mother of a five year old, I do elieve this is a transition for him. Starting school and being around other children his age who act differently than what he is use was a transition for him to overcome. Having the knowledge that women have certain body parts that boys do not have was hard to explain to a five year old. The next stage is called latency. Freud states this stage begins at the age of 6 and should end around twelve. The main focus during this age is on social and intellectual skills. The last stage is genital. This stage in my opinion is when a woman becomes a woman and a man becomes a man. Freud describes this stage as when one sees beyond their selfish needs and focuses on others desires. This stage molds a husband, wife, mother and even father. This stage occurs between the ages of twelve and nineteen. Mr. Erick Erickson was the next author of developmental theory. Erik Erikson (1902-1994) was a neo-Freudian who argued that Freud misjudged an individual’s interaction with society and the motivation for humans to be immersed in social customs. (Mossler, 2011) Erickson believes that one’s surroundings can help form and challenge development. Erikson lso believes that a crisis forms when psychological need and societal pressure intersect. Rather than focusing on psychosexual urges as Freud did, Erikson emphasized the process of psychosocial development. (Mossler, 2011) In comparison of Freud Erickson they both believe that in development one must go through different stages. Freud’s theory only states five psychosexual stages in the first five years of life, while Erickson believes one goes through eight lifelong stages. Erikson’s first stage was trust verses mistrust and it occurs from zero to 18 months. The goal of this stage is to establish trust. A baby is dependent upon their parents to eat, be changed, and feel loved. When the baby gets and feels this from their parent they develop a sense of trust. Also, if the baby is neglected of the necessities to develop trust they result in developing mistrust. The second stage is autonomy verses shame and doubt. This occurs from about 18 months of age to 3 years old. This stage is important for toddlers, because they gain a sense of independence. Once the baby has developed a sense of trust they easily transition into the next stage of wanting to do everything for themselves. It is important for arents to allow their children to explore this stage of independency. On the other hand, if parents are too demanding or do not let children perform tasks on their own; they may develop a sense of shame and doubt. (Mossler, 2011) Initiative versus guilt is the third stage of psychosocial development. It takes place between three to six years of age. This stage is developed through exploring their independence. When a child utilizes their independence and fix their own cereal, but wastes all of the milk, a sense of guilt may overtake them due to their parents reaction. This stage is critical Around the ages of six to eleven the fourth stage will take place which is industry versus inferiority. Children develop an increasing sense of competence by taking the initiative, expanding their opportunities, and feeling a sense of accomplishment; they become productive. (Mossler, 2011) As part of their developing personality, children must balance independence of actions with possible negative consequences of those actions. (Mossler, 2011) In the fifth stage of psychosocial development, identity versus confusion occurs. This stage should happen between the ages of twelve to eight- een. As a teenager matures, they must establish themselves in society. When children are allowed to explore, create, and accomplish, they develop the competence necessary to define goals and forge a unique sense of self. (Mossler, 2011) Conversely, if teenagers feel a sense of inferiority, they do not develop feelings of accomplishment and purpose. Current and future roles remain undefined. (Mossler, 2011) The next stage Erickson describes is the intimacy versus isolation, which occurs from the ages of twenty to forty. In this stage one develops close intimate elationships and some experience marriage, or one can become isolated and shut down. Generatively versus stagnation is the next stage. It occurs from forty years old to sixty-five years old. This stage allows one to think of how they can give back. Erickson states that one wonders how they can provide for the next generation. The other option one may have is to turn inward and not think of helping anyone in the future. The final stage in Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development is integrity versus despair. A person will dwell in this stage from sixty-five years old to their eath. This stage allows the person to reminisce on their life, whether they are pleased with their actions or some may be disappointed. Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development were deep, but yet simple. It is something everyone will go through and experience. Every stage is relatable whether it is applicable to one’s life now, or to a child one may be raising. The last theorist is Mr. Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a Swiss developmental psychologist who remains perhaps the most influential fgure in the study of child development. (Mossler, 2011) Piaget regarded imself as engaged in genetic epistemology, the study of what knowledge is through an empirical investigation of how our epistemic relations to objects are improved. Cambridge, 1999) Piaget theorized that children progress through four stages of development that are initiated by biology and governed by the principles of organization and adaptation. (Mossler, 2011) The four cognitive development stages that Piaget believes children go through are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operation, and formal operation. The cognitive sy stem of the adult is neither learned, n the Skinnerian sense, nor genetically preprogrammed. Rather, it results from the organization of specific interactions whose character is shaped both by the features of the objects interacted with (a process called accommodation) and by the current cognitive system of the child (a process called assimilation). (Cambridge, 199) The first stage is sensorimotor. This stage occurs from birth until about the age of two. In this stage Piaget states that infants gain understanding through their movements and sense which are coordinated by reflexes. Infants learn to grasp for things when an item in placed in their hands. When a baby is born their hand open and close and when an adult places their finger in their little hand, the infants hand automatically reflexes with behavior, which is how a baby knows to combine the sucking behavior to the grasp reflexes. As they continue to grow they continuous apply behavior with reflexes, which prepares them for the second stage. The second stage is preoperational which takes place between the ages of two through seven. In this stage children begin to connect words, images, and object. Their imagination allows them to use objects to represent real life things that they ave seen before. For instance they may use blocks to make buildings in a town. My sons have used all of their play cars to make a parade and utilize stuffed animals to give the impressions of the ones who ride in the vehicles. These cognitive limitations are readily evident in the child’s lack of conservation, the ability to understand that properties of objects do not change with alterations in the object’s form. For example, using a typical Piagetian conservation task, a child at this stage believes the amount of water changes because the liquid is poured from a short, wide bottle into a tall, arrow container. Encyclopedic, 2006) Throughout the concrete operational stage (7-11 years), school-aged children develop mental abilities for logically thinking about, as well as systematically classifying, concrete objects and events. (Encyclopedic, 2006) This stage begins when the child can perform mental operations on concrete objects actually or imagined to be physically experienced (Green and Piel 2002). Children in this stage do more than Just the imagination of the prior stage. Thought is guided by logic as children become able to sort using complex lassification systems. Mossler, 2011). This stage prepares them for the final stage. The last stage is formal operations, which begins at the age of eleven and continues throughout their adolescent years. Adolescents apply logical thinking and abstract reasoning to ideas and hypothetical possibilities. (Galotti, 1999) Hypothetic reasoning occurs with outcomes attached. As adults we are all faced with problems but have to hypothetical fgure out the outcomes so we may know how to react. This is an ongoing process once you reach this stage and continues through the duration of life. The three main theories Sigmund Freud, Erik Erickson, and Jean Piaget had a lot in common and also a lot different in their theories. We all cross each stage at one time or another, whether it was psychosocially or physically. Taking this class helped me realize each stage and compare it to my own life and my children lives who I can see which stage each one of them are in. Each age that the theorist states they go through are the exact age they are in the stage. In this paper I have compare and contrasted different theories from each while explaining each theory from each theorist. How to cite Child psychology, Papers Child Psychology Free Essays A Child Psychologist generally specializes in understanding, preventing, diagnosing and treating emotional or behavior problems in children. A Child Psychologist evaluates and treats emotional or learning disorders in children. This work can be done in a private, clinical, or public sector and counseling practice or in school and other learning environments. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are engaged in the study of the psychological processes of children and adolescents, particularly, how they are different from adults in their psychological development.Many Child Psychologists specialize in abuse counseling, learning development, speech disorders or general practice. Child Psychologist Educational Requirements Anyone wishing to practice as a Child Psychologist should check the requirement for certification and licensing in their state. In most states, an Ed. S. in School Psychology or School Counseling is needed to work in a school. Most Child Psychologists earn a Doctor of Psychology or a Ph. D. in Child Psychology.These degrees equip individuals with the skills necessary to meet minimum certification requirements, including a thesis and graduate study. A 1-year internship is necessary for anyone looking to practice in a clinical setting, counseling or school psychology. (http://degreedirectory. org/articles/Child_Psychologist_Job_Duties_Employment_Outlook_and_Educati onal_Requirements. html) Personal Qualities And Abilities Needed To become a Psychologist you will need to be:Patient, Caring, Good Listener, Good Communication Skills, Good Presentation Skills, Know Knowledge In A Scientific Way, Hard Working, Understanding, Polite, and Helpful. Working Conditions And Possible Places Of Employment About 34 percent of psychologists are self-employed, mainly as private practitioners and independent consultants. Employment growth will vary by specialty; for example, clinical, counseling, and school psychologists will have 11 percent growth; industrial-organizational psychologists, 26 percent growth; and 14 percent growth is expected for all other psychologists.Acceptance to graduate psychology programs is highly competitive. Job opportunities should be the best for those with a doctoral degree in a subfield, such as health; those with a master’s degree will have good prospects in industrial-organization; bachelor’s degree holders will have limited prospects. (http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos056. htm) Advancement Opportunities Psychologist can start out from being in school to becoming an intern. Then from an employee to earning a raise.Then from an employer to opening a private practice. Wages And Benefits Psychologist Benefits: High Annual Salary Psychologists in clinical, counseling or school-related roles make an average of $70,190 a year, reports the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www. bls. gov. Furthermore, industrial-organizational Psychologists, who are often employed as consultants by businesses, can earn six-figure incomes as they gain experience. Additionally, school psychologists can make over $40,000 in their first year, reports Payscale. com.Clinical Psychologists in private practice can set their hourly fees as high as market demand allows. Psychologist Benefits: Knowledge of Human Nature In order to be successful in their jobs, Psychologists must have a keen understanding of human nature. During school, they are taught many different theories of human behavior as well as various therapeutic techniques. Psychologists can informally apply their training to events that occur in everyday life to create more harmonious relationships with others. Psychologist Benefits: Flexible Work HoursPsychologists new to the field or those who work for schools, businesses and other organizations aren’t usually able to set their own hours, but Psychologists in private practice can. They can determine when to set appointments with patients. Many Psychologists in private practice choose to work evenings, mornings or weekends, depending on personal preference. (http://degreedirectory. org/articles/What_are_the_Benefits_of_Being_a_Psychologist. html) Median annual wages of wage and salary clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were $64,140 in May 2008.The middle 50 percent earned between $48,700 and $82,800. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $37,900, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $106,840. Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were: Offices of other health practitioners| $68,400| Elementary and secondary schools| 65,710| State government| 63,710| Outpatient care centers| 59,130| Individual and family services| 57,440| Median annual wages of wage and salary industrial-organizational psychologists were $77,010 in May 2008. The middle 50 percent earned between $54,100 and $115,720. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $38,690, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $149,120. Job Outlook For The Future The job outlook for Child Psychologist is pretty good for the future. There will still be people with issues and problems. As the population grows, there will be even more troubled people or people who seek marriage counseling. Address For Additional Information http://www. childpsychologist. com/ How to cite Child Psychology, Papers

Hassans Story free essay sample

What two major types of surface markings do bones have? The two major types of surface markings are the: 1. Depression and Openings: They allow the passage of soft tissues (such as blood vessels and nerves) or from joints 2. Processes: They are projections or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue (such as ligaments and tendons) B. ) Why are Liu and Hassan surprised to find a metopic suture on an adult skull? In which skull bone do metopic sutures occur? Liu and Hassan are surprised to find metopic suture on an adult skull because the metopic suture occurs on an infant skull. Right after birth the left side and right side of the frontal bone are united by the metopic suture. They were surprised because this suture should have disappeared between the age of six to eight years old. C. ) What delicate skeletal structures are found inside the nasal cavity that might be missing from an excavated skull? The skeletal structures that are found inside the nasal cavity that might be missing from an excavated skull are: 1. E. What features of the vertebral column would the larger skeleton in the sarcophagus show to indicate it was female? The features of the vertebral column that would have the larger skeleton in the sarcophagus would show that it’s a female because a females vertebrae is smaller than a man’s. F. What bone in the neck region other than cervical vertebrae maybe damaged during strangulation or neck trauma? During strangulation or neck trauma, the bone that may be damaged other than the cervical vertebrae would be that of the hyoid bone. G. If the bones of a person found at the excavation ite were mixed up and out of sequence, how could the anthropologists determine which vertebrae were cervical, lumbar or thoracic? The anthropologist can determine the vertebrae by size. The cervical are the smallest and the lumbar are the largest, and the thoracic are larger than the cervical. H. Why would bones with their hard structure, be subject to and show signs of disease that destroyed this community? Bones can show signs of the diseases that destroyed their community because bones are living tissue s which are constantly remodeled and shaped by a person’s activities, health and diet. I. What sutures passes though the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae that would cause death if damaged as in the child’s skeleton? The spinal cord passes through the cervical vertebrae, and the spinal nerves pass through the transverse foramina on both left and right sides. REFERENCES Jenkins, G. , Kemnitz, C. , amp; Tortora, G. J. (2010). Anatomy and physiology, from science to life. (2nd ed. ). Wiley. Allen, C. , amp; Harper, V. (2011). Laboratory manual for anatomy and physiology. (4th ed. ). Danvers, Ma: Wiley.